Hexagonalboron nitride is a solid material with incredible potential. This attracts more and more attention around the globe. Professor Bernard Gil (National Centre for Scientific Research), as well as Professor Guillaume Cassabois from the University of Montpellier made important contributions to the physics of this fascinating material and to its ability to interact and control electromagnetic radiation. Professor James H. Edgar from Kansas State University in the United States is working with them to explore the use of hexagonal boron nutride to develop quantum information technologies. Professor Edgar has been working on advanced technologies to make high purity boron Nitride crystals.
Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN), a versatile solid material, plays an important role in many traditional applications. It can be used for lubrication, cosmetic powder formulations, thermal control, neutron detection, and other purposes. HBN was originally synthesized in 1842 from a fragile powder. It exhibits a layered structure that is different than graphite. N and B atoms are tightly bound, with weak interactions superimposed on one another. The same way, graphene is possible from graphite. Monolayer hBN is also possible. hBN actually sits at the intersections of two worlds. It is widely used in shortwave, solid-state light sources as well as layered semiconductors, such as graphene, transition metal halogens and graphene. hBN is a candidate material that has unique properties and could be widely used.
HBN crystal growth
Since 2004, the field of hBN research and its application has seen a breakthrough in the form of new techniques to grow large (about 110.2mm3) single crystals. Kansas State University’s Professor Edgar and his colleagues have played an important role in this area. They investigated the factors that influence the growth of crystals, their quality and eventual size, as also the effects on doping impurities or changing the boron ratio. HBN crystals are formed from solutions of molten elements, such as chromium or nickel or iron and chrome, and can dissolve boron. Professor Edgar and collaborators demonstrated crystals made of pure boron were more stable than crystals made with hBN powder. They also examined the effects of gas composition, metal solvent selection, and crucible type upon the growth process.
Additionally, the research team developed new techniques to produce isotopically pure HBN crystals. Natural boron can be described as a mixture of two isotopes, either boron-10 (20%) or boron-11 (80%). Although they have different nuclear masses, the chemical properties are identical and produce an indistinguishable structure for hBN. However, the LATTICE (or hBN) of an isotope has a profound impact on its vibration modes, also known by phonons. Crystals with boron-10 or boron-11 have longer phonon lifespans. Random distribution of boron Isotopes in crystals causes phonon modes disperse more often and decreases their lifetime. The hBN has only one boron Isotope. Phonon scattering is decreased and the lifetime of phonons is extended. This reduces the thermal conductivity of hBN and makes it more efficient in dissipating warmth. Its optical characteristics are also very important, especially in the field nanophotonics. This is the study of light reduced to dimensions below free space wavelengths. In this instance, the wavelength of light for h10BN has been reduced by a factor 150.
Modern quantum technology relies on the ability of individual photons to be generated and manipulated. Single-photon sources emit light, unlike traditional thermal sources like incandescent lamps or coherent sources like lasers. These single-photon source emit light in the form single quantum particles (photons). They interact with other photons and can be used for storage and generation of new information in quantum computing. In some cases, single-photon source can be a defect in crystal structures caused by impurity and atom incorporation. The possibility of a high-density defect combined with a large range provides an opportunity for a single-photon source to support hBN. Quantum applications are significantly more spectral than pure nanophotonics, as they require higher sample purity.
Photoluminescence experiments with hBN samples containing C and Si impurities showed that the spectral characteristics are significantly higher at 4.1eV light energy than pure hBN. Single-photon emission has been reported in recent cathode luminescence studies (in which phonon emissions are induced by an electronic beam), but it is not seen in photoluminescence. In photoluminescence experiments, many spectral lines lower than 4 eV have been seen. These may be due to single-photon emission defect in this energy range. These defects are still controversial. Although the phenomena of single-photon emitting hBN is complicated, the research of Professors Edgar Gil, Cassabois and Cassabois provides solid evidence of the extraordinary capabilities of this material in quantum technology.
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